4 Punctuation Marks for Forming Appositive Phrases

4 Punctuation Marks for Forming Appositive Phrases 4 Punctuation Marks for Forming Appositive Phrases 4 Punctuation Marks for Forming Appositive Phrases By Mark Nichol An appositive expression expands a sentence by including more data in connection (which means â€Å"related to† or â€Å"juxtaposed with†) to a word or expression going before it. This post portrays how to utilize every one of four types of accentuation to broaden a sentence by including an appositive expression. 1. Colon A colon signs to the peruser that what follows is an extension or clarification of what goes before it: The colon is comparable to an equivalents sign in science. (The former explanation is a case of development.) The customary principle of upper casing after a colon is twofold: If the content that follows the colon as an extension or clarification is an expression or a solitary sentence, the main expression of that section ought not have an underlying capital letter. In the event that the content is increasingly broad, the principal expression of each related sentence ought to be promoted. (The previous articulation is a case of clarification.) This standard isn't all around acknowledged, and I’m among the blasphemers: I want to introductory top what follows a colon in the event that it is a finished explanation of at least one sentences, since I feel that the differentiation among fragmented and complete proclamations is more sensible than the standard basis. The colon likewise appositively flags that a citation or a rundown follows, as in â€Å"This truth is all inclusive: ‘Just in light of the fact that you can doesn’t mean you should’† and â€Å"I purchased three devices: a sledge, a wrench, and a screwdriver.† (Peruse progressively about colons.) 2. Run A scramble can fill in for every one of the other three accentuation marks portrayed here; the decision depends on tone as opposed to sentence association. A scramble speaks to an unexpected or sudden move it’s a sensational gadget to set the peruser up for a difference in linguistic structure or for a disclosure or a climax. A couple of runs can be utilized incidentally, however that utilization doesn't matter to appositive expressions. (Peruse increasingly about runs and quest the site for â€Å"em dashes† for additional posts that examine the subject.) 3. Ellipsis An ellipsis, a progression of three dabs that different one piece of a sentence from another (likewise referred to all in all as ovals), demonstrates a purposeful or inadvertent delay brought about by individual being speechless or faltering in light of some feeling, for example, uncertainty or dread or for emotional impact. (Circles are regularly sprinkled with letter spaces an all the more tastefully satisfying style however a few distributions discard the spaces or utilize a solitary character ellipsis.) At the point when an ellipsis finishes up a sentence, it speaks to vacillating discourse, and it marks exclusion of at least one words from cited material, however these utilizations don't have any significant bearing to appositive expressions. (Peruse progressively about ellipsis.) 4. Semicolon The semicolon is comparable in name and appearance to the colon, however its capacity is random; it fills in as a powerless period, as utilized here, or as a solid comma, as appeared in the following section. In its feeble period pretense, it denotes the finish of one explanation and the start of another; notwithstanding, it is proper instead of a period in particular if the subsequent articulation is firmly identified with or subject to the first. Note that when a semicolon shows up in such a case, no planning combination, (for example, as well as however) ought to tail it. (Notwithstanding, when the conjunctive verb modifier that starts this sentence, or others, for example, besides or subsequently, follows a semicolon, as happens prior in this section, a comma ought to follow the word.) A solid comma semicolon is one utilized instead of at least two commas when the components in a spat list are themselves records, as in this sentence: â€Å"The three most regular shading plans in banners are red, white, and blue; red and white; and, tied for third spot, red, yellow, and green and red, white, and green.† (Note that not all rundown things must incorporate interior accentuation.) Numerous journalists are hesitant to utilize semicolons since they don't see how to utilize the accentuation mark accurately or think of it as excessively formal, yet its jobs are basic and supportive. (Peruse increasingly about semicolons.) Need to improve your English in a short time a day? Get a membership and begin getting our composing tips and activities day by day! Continue learning! Peruse the Punctuation classification, check our mainstream posts, or pick a related post below:12 Types of LanguageOwing to versus Due to15 Names and Descriptions of Effects

Introduction Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Presentation - Assignment Example I want you to enjoy all that life has to offer your present and future objectives at Ashford University. Among the subjects we are going to concentrate in this course is intellectual brain science. Such is a crucial course that investigates the logical methodologies that impact mental procedures and choices that individuals make on regular schedule (Anastasi, 1979). Applied brain science helps in beating genuine issues. The point in this manner gives methods of seeing such fundamental ideas as human memory, discernment, consideration and language. I accept such themes are significant in the different territories of fields that I would work in later as a lifelong lady. The points will help a successful communicator equipped for creating and bundling data deliberately for explicit crowds (Cina, 1981). Along these lines, the course will upgrade achievement in clinical brain science, publicizing, instructive brain research or scientific brain research among different fields in which I would decide to

Cultural Relativism: A Way of Life Essay

â€Å"If you are my child, it don’t matter if you’re dark or white.† These words resound in my brain as I heard the report about Michael Jackson’s passing. His tune, Black or White is one of my top choices since it discusses a father’s acknowledgment of his youngster in spite of the baby’s shading. Afterward, when I experienced the term social relativism in school, I saw better what the melody needs to advance, and how this can be cultivated. Social relativism is normally known as the act of tolerating and living agreeably with individuals of various societies. In the event that we watch our general public today, we will see various types of peopleâ€Africans, Caucasians, Asians, Latinos, and a great deal of blends exist together. Social relativism is the thing that permits them to live in harmony with one another, to acknowledge and regard different societies as they do their own. Thinking about the current situation, we may state that social relativism isn't only a training or part of life, it is as of now a lifestyle, an unquestionable requirement for each individual to live and flourish. In a perfect world, a general public that sticks to social relativism permits the presence and trade of various societies. In spite of the fact that this has not been completely acknowledged in numerous spots, we can ensure that it is now a typical part of the learning condition. In school, understudies find the opportunity to interface with others, and find parts of various societies. Regular communication with Asians, African-Americans, and Latin Americans permits us to see that all things considered, it isn't hard to exist together with various individuals. Regularly, all we need is to give chances to communication and sharing. In particular, in my dealings with various societies, I figured out how to value the difficult work of the Chinese, the resourcefulness of the Japanese, the benevolence of Filipinos, the family estimations of the Latinos, and the cool disposition of the African-Americans. Social relativism has helped me acknowledge various societies, and permitted me to develop all the more maturely. To rehearse social relativism, I for one follow three stages. To start with, I attempt to examine why individuals are carrying on the manner in which they do. I depend on my experience information to examine the circumstance. Next, I watch and see the constructive outcomes of their training, and third, I attempt to discover more data about the training by inquisitive from the individual or examining on the web. For instance, seeing the Chinese taste the soup out of the bowl without utilizing spoon at first made me felt detached. Be that as it may, in applying social relativism, I attempted to examine why they do this as opposed to utilizing a spoon. At that point, I understood that the Chinese use chopsticks rather than spoon, making it difficult to have the soup without tasting it straightforwardly from the bowl. Likewise, once I experienced a Japanese narrative demonstrating a man culminating a blade. He appeared to be careless of the shoot he used to shape the blade, and from that point I asked why the Japanese give such significance to swords when weapons are progressively solid for assurance. Because of this, I scanned the Internet for answers, and discovered that culminating blades is a piece of the Japanese Samurai culture, the military men throughout the entire existence of Japan. I discovered that the Samurais treat blades as their friend in fight, and blades fill in as portrayals of them. Accordingly, a Samurai’s blade ought to be all around kept consistently in light of the fact that it is a family legacy and image of respect. Information on others’ culture unquestionably encourages us comprehend and welcome them. In any case, there are additionally rehearses which I trust I can't acknowledge despite the fact that I as of now have a decent handle of social relativism. One of these is the self destruction slaughtering done by 9/11 ruffians. Not at all like the Japanese variant of self destruction which would like to communicate a person’s lament for a mix-up submitted, self destruction executing among the Muslims expects to murder non-Muslims on the bases of strict and political clashes. What makes it genuinely wrong is executing honest individuals for some childish plan. Thinking about this, social relativism turns into a troublesome part of the real world, like pushing a kid to gulp down an entire new egg directly to the stomach.

Literature Review In The Area Of Travel Motives - Free Essay Example

2.1 Introduction This chapter consists of three parts. First is introduction, next is literature reviews that review the critical points of previous researches including substantive finding as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to this similar topic. Lastly, a conclusion to this chapter. 2.2 Literature Review Research in the area of travel motives is important in understanding and predicting the factors that influence travel decision-making (Cha, S., McCleary, K.W. and Uysal, M., 1995). Motivation is theoretically viewed as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"a state of need, a condition that serves as a driving force to display different kinds of behavior toward certain types of activities, developing preferences, arriving at some expected satisfactory outcome. (Backman, K.F. Backman, S.J., Uysal, M. and Sunshine, K.M.,1995) In particular, an understanding of motivation assist marketers efforts to achieve and satisfy individuals diverse desires and needs, key elements that influence the process of travelers decision-making (Crompton,J.L. and McKay S.L.,1997). Studies of motivation thus provide to predict travelers personal needs, expectations, achievements, or benefits sought (Formica,S. and Uysal, M.,1998). A brief review of travel motivation research (Table 1) published in th ree major tourism journals à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Annals of Tourism Research, Tourism Management, and Journal of Travel Research à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" revealed that existing studies have covered a wide range of the spectrum, there are included the sociology of travel motivation as a stimulator of actual behavior (Dann 1977; Mansfeld 1992); travel motivation of different niche markets (Clift and Forrest 1999; Dunn Ross and Iso-Ahola 1991; Hsu, Cai, and Wong 2007; Maoz 2007; Qu and Ping 1999; Rittichainuwat 2008); the development or empirical test of travel motivation measurements (Crompton 1979; Dann 1981; Fodness 1994; Ryan and Glendon 1998); differences in motivation among tourists with varied nationality and cultural backgrounds (Kim and Prideaux 2005; Maoz 2007), number of visits (Lau and McKercher 2004), destinations and origins (Kozak 2002), sociodemographic characteristic (Jang and Wu 2006; Fleischer and Pizam 2002), or environmental attitude (Luo and Deng 2008). Authors Study Dann 1977 A sociological study of travel motivation, with a focus on the push dimension of motivation. Crompton 1979 The motivation for pleasure vacation. Seven motivation factors were identified through interviews. Dann 1981 Based on a literature review on travel motivation, seven approaches of motivation study were identified. The utilization of different terminologies was also discussed Dunn Ross and Iso-Ahola 1991 Motivation of sightseeing tourists in relation to their satisfaction Mansfeld 1992 The role of motivation in travel behavior and its complex nature Paul 1992 Travel motivation of Canadian ecotourists Parrinello 1993 Relationship between anticipation and motivation in postindustrial societies in the context of Western Europe Fodness 1994 A measurement scale was developed for leisure travel with 20 items. Lieux, weaver; and McCleary 1994 Benefit segmentation of senior tourists from the United States Gnoth 1997 D evelopment of theoretical model on motivation and expectation formation Formica and Uysal 1998 Benefit segmentation of visitors to a cultural-historical event in Italy Ryan and Glendon 1998 The Leisure Motivation Scale was applied to tourism with British holidaymakers. An abbreviated version of holiday motivation scale with 14 items was developed. Waller and Lea 1998 Relationship between authenticity seeking and enjoyment. The knowledge dimension of motivation was found to mediate this relationship. Clift and Forrest 1999 The motivation of gay men in relation to the type of destinations they preferred in the context of the United Kingdom Qu and Ping 1999 Motivation of cruise selection in the context of Hong Kong Goossens 2000 The role of emotional component of travel motivation in stimulating actual travel behavior Fleischer and Pizam 2002 Relationship between motivation and Israeli senior travelers income and health Kozak 2002 Differe nces of motivation among tourists visiting different destinations and tourist from different countries visiting same destination with respondents from the United Kingdom and Germany Sirakaya, Uysal, and Yoshioka 2003 Benefits segmentation of Japanese tourists to Turkey Lau and McKercher Differences of travel motivation between first-time and repeat visitors to Hong Kong Kim and Prideaux 2005 A cross-cultural analysis on travel motivation to South Korea among five national tourist groups Pearce and Lee 2005 Further development of the Travel Career Ladder by introducing Travel Career Pattern (TCP). The relationship between previous experience and motivation was explored by TCP. Yoon and Uysal 2005 Causal relationship between push-pull motivations, satisfaction, and destination loyalty. Pull factors were found to negatively influence satisfaction. Jang and Wu 2006 Influences of sociodemographic factors, economic status, health status, and positive an d negative effects on travel motivation among Taiwanese seniors Chang, wall, and Chu 2006 Benefits segmentation using the novelty seeking scale in the context of Taiwanese tourists to aboriginal attractions Nicolau and Mas 2006 Influences of travel distance and price on destination selection, with travel motivation as a moderator in the context of Spain Poria, Reichel, and Biran 2006 Relationship between perception of heritage as it is related to the tourists own heritage and motivation explored before the trip Snerpenger et al. 2006 Tourists and recreationist were comparing using Iso-Aholas motivation theory. The relationship between motivation and previous vacations was investigated. Swanson and Horridge 2006 Causal relationship between souvenir shopping and four motivational factors in the context of Southwestern United States Beh and Bruyere 2007 Benefits segmentation in the context of Kenya Hsu, Cai, and Wong 2007 A theoretical model of senior travel motivation in the context of China Maoz 2007 Travel motivation of Israeli backpackers, investigated in relation to national and cultural characteristics Luo and Deng 2008 Relationship between environmental attitude and nature-based tourism motivation Rittichainuwat 2008 Travel motivation to a tourism destination, using the disaster-hit beach resort in Phuket as an example. Comparison was made between domestic and inbound tourists, and between tourists of different ages and genders. Park and Yoon 2009 Benefit segmentation of rural tourism in the context of South Korea Table1. Brief Summary of Studies on Travel Motivation (Adopted from Cathy H.C. Hsu, Liping A. Cai and Mimi Li, 2009) Many researchers from different fields such as from sociology, anthropology, and psychology have investigated travel motivation since many years ago (Cohen, 1972; Dann, 1977; Crompton, 1979; Gnoth, 1997). Maslows hierarchical theory of motivation was one of the most applied in tourism literature (1970) and it was model as a pyramid whose base consists of the physiological needs, followed by higher levels of psychological needs and the need for self-actualization. Numerous tourism scholars have attempted to modify the model empirically, with the notable success by Pearce (1982), who projected a tourism motivation model that mirrors the model of Maslow, but free of prepotency assumption. Fulfilling Prestige Push Seeking Relaxation Factors Sightseeing Variety Gaining Knowledge Events and Activities Pull Adventure Factors History and Culture Easy Access and Affordable A review of past researches on tourist motivation indicates that the analysis of motivations based on the two dimensions of push and pull factors have been generally accepted (Yuan McDonald, 1990; Uysal Hagan, 1993). The concept behind push and pull dimension is that people travel because they are pushed by their own inner forces and pulled by the outer forces of destination attributes. Most of the push factors that are origin-related are intangible or intrinsic desires of the individual travelers. Pull factors, vice versa, are those that emerge because of the attractiveness of that particular destination, as the travelers perceive it. They include tangible resources and travelers perception and expectation such as benefit expectation, novelty and marketed image of the destination. A research model is then developing based on this theory at below diagram (adapted from Baloglu Uysal, 1996). Travel Motivation Crompton (1979) first sought to draw seven socio-psychological, or push motives such as escape, self-exploratory, relaxation, prestige, regression, kinship-enhancement, and social interaction) and two cultural, or pull motives that are novelty and education. The conceptual framework that he developed would giving impact the selection of a destination, and this approach implies that the destination can have some degree of influence on vacation behavior in meeting an aroused need. As Cromptons initial empirical effort, many studies have attempted to recognize push and pull motivational factors in different settings such as nationalities, destinations and events (Jang and Wu, 2006). Example incorporated Yuan and McDonalds (1990) study on motivations for overseas travel from four countries: Japan, France, West Germany and UK. While Uysal and Jurowski (1993) studied, the nature and extent of the reciprocal relationship between push and pull factors of motivations for pleasure travel with using data from the Canadian Tourism Attribute and Motivation Survey. Another study in Australia examined the nature and usefulness of the relationship between these two factors of motivation by utilizing canonical correlation analysis (Oh, H., M., Uysal, P. Weaver, 1995). Baloglu and Uysal (1996) claimed that the concept of product bundles is used to refer to the perceived significance of the interaction between push and pull items of motivation. This implies that certain reasons for travel may correspond to certain benefits that are to be valued and obtained at the destination spot. Based on the intrinsic and extrinsic motivations, as discussed above, the individual tourist builds their perceptions, and the perceptions can be differ from the true attributes of the product depending on how the individual receives and process information (Gartner, 1993; Dann, 1996; Baloglu and Brinberg, 1997). A general conclusion can be drawn that the personal motives or called push motive s and the view of the characteristics of the tourism destination (pull motives) determine perceptions. These motives interact in dynamic and evolving context (Correia, 2000), and the tourist motivation is seen as a multidimensional concept that indicates tourist decision (McCabe, 2000). As tourism paradigm is related to human beings and human nature, it is always a complex proposition to study why people travel and what they want to enjoy (Yoon and Uysal, 2005). In most studies, it is generally accepted that push and pull motivations have been primarily utilized in studies of tourist behavior. The discoveries and issues undoubtedly play a use role in attempting to understand a wide different of needs and wants that can drive and influence tourist behavior. Nevertheless, Yoon and Uysal (2005) said that the results and effects of the motivation studies of tourist behavior need more than an understanding of their needs and wants. In tourism destination management, it was generall y agree that maximizing travel satisfaction is crucial for a successful business. The evaluation of the physical products of destination as well as the psychological interpretation of a destination product are important for human actions (Swan and Comb, 1976; Uysal and Noe, 2003), which could be further represented as a travel satisfaction and destination faithfulness. Both concepts can be examined within the context of a tourism system representing two major components of the market place, namely, demand (tourist) and supply (tourism attractions) which demand refers to motives (push factors) that sustain tourists desire while supple relates to destinations characteristics (pull factors) (Jurowski et al., 1996). Push and pull factors have generally been characterized to two separate decisions made at two separate period in time à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" one focusing on whether to go, the other on where to go. For instance, Dann (1981) noted that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"once the trip has been dec ided upon, where to go, what to see or what to do (relating to the specific destinations) can be tackled and this make a conclude that, analytically, both logically and temporally, push factors precede pull factor. Although these two factors has been viewed as relating to two distinct decisions, several researchers have distinguished that they should not be viewed as operating entirely independent of each others. For example, it has suggested that people travel because they are pushed by their own intrinsic forces and simultaneously pulled by the extrinsic forces such as the destination and its attributes (Cha, McCleary, and Uysal 1995; Uysal and Jurowskil, 1994). However, Crompton (1979) argued, push factors à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"may be useful not only in explaining the initial arousal, energizing, or à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"push; to take a vacation, but may also have directive potential to direct the tourist toward a particular destination (p.412). Several empirical examinations of push and pull factors had been reported in the travel and tourism literature. Of the prior research that examined the students and/or spring break travel market (Butts, F.B., J. Salazar, K. Sapio, and D. Thomas, 1996; Field, 1999; Hobson and Josiam, 1992,1996; Hsu and Sung, 1996,1997; Sirakaya and McLellan, 1997), there have been no investigations of push forces and only a handful of attempts to study the pull factors influencing students destination choice decision. In another study, conducted by Hobson and Josiam (1992), students were asked to list their primary reason for choosing a spring break destination and most responses referred to the influence of friends and/or family living near or going to the destination, other reasons referred to destination-related attributes such as the destination having s spring break party reputation, warm weather, affordable pricing, quiet environment, good skiing, or good beaches. Another study, conducted by Butts et al. (1996), found that the reaso ns that most attractive students referred to s sunny climate, nature, a wide choice of accommodations, price of accommodations, the destinations nightlife reputation, and recommendations from others. In Sirakaya and McLellan (1997) study, they asked students to rate the importance of 56 attributes involved in selecting a spring break destination. Factor analysis was then used to reduce the 56 attributes to a set of 9 factors that labeled à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"local hospitality and services, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"trip cost and convenience, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"perceptions of a safe/secure environment, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"change in daily life environment, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"recreation and sporting activities, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"entertainment and drinking opportunities, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"personal and historical link, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"cultural an shopping services, and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"unusual and distant vacation spot. The most rated factor is local hospitality and services. However, this factor was made up of seven rathe r diverse attributes: climate, availability of beaches, good accommodations, large hotels, feeling welcomed, friendly residents, and good food. While these attributes may all be highly vital to visitors (thus explaining why they would load together on the same factor), one would expect that the basis of their importance would diverse considerably. It means each attribute may derive its importance or meaning from very different sources and the importance of a particular attribute may well be a function of multiple motivational forces. For example, beaches may be important to respondents because they manage to pay for opportunities for water-based recreation, getting a tan, and socializing with other tourists. Simple said, people may have multiple and possibly very diverse reasons for valuing the same attribute or pull factor. Psychographics have been recognized as being very meaningful and relevant (Shih, 1986) and very vital means to provide extra information beyond the demograph ic characteristics (Abbey, 1997). Abbey claimed that psychographic variables produce significant differences between groups of consumers, and these differences are larger than the differences produced by the demographic profiles, thus, psychographics are more useful (Mayo, 1975) than demographics in describing consumers because they better differentiate between them (Ryel Grasse, 1991). Various researchers have utilized psychographic data in their studies such as Shih (1986) used values, attitudes, and lifestyles (VALS) to assess whether personal values affect the selection of Pennsylvania as a holiday destination. Pizam and Calantone (1987) used abundant value scales and reported that travel behavior was determined by a persons general and vacation-specific lifestyle. Menzes and Chandra (1989) used the personality trait descriptors to profile the U.S. tourists visiting far-away destinations in the Far East and compared them with other overseas destination segments. Kassarjian ( 1971) used the personality concept to clarify consumer product and media choice, risk taken, and persuasibility. Rokeach (1979) give a definition to values as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"beliefs about desirable goals and modes of conduct'(p.41). Values are criteria that people use to direct their behavior, evaluate, and judge themselves and others, come to a decision what is worth believing in and doing and it also determine social behavior (Rokeach, 1979). Rokeach (1973) argued that the differences in peoples cultural values determine differences in their behavior because values determine cultural differences in thinking, activities, attitudes, motivations, and human needs. It said that values control behavioral variables that interact with and influence each other. For example, values of visitors provide an indication of the visitors personality (Pitts Woodside, 1986), values represent a alternate for personality traits (Dhalla Mahatto, 1976; Howard, 1977). Values manipulate peoples mo tivations (Bailey, 1991). Values are mainly useful in the assessment of the customers motivation (Dichter, 1984; Munson, 1984). They are a means to better understand consumer motivations (Henry, 1976; Kahle, 91984; Leesig, 1976; Vinson, Scott, Lamont, 1977) because it allow marketers to better understand the individuals motives in making travel decisions (Pitts Woodside, 1986). Pitts and Woodside (1986) claimed that travel motivation is directly influence by peoples values. For example, the motivation to travel to New Zealand to experience challenge and adventure or to spend a quiet vacation close to origin places is determine by travelers values. Values also symbolize the preferences for actions (Kluckhohn Strodtbeck, 1951). Value profiles allow for differentiating between those who participate in particular travel-related activity behavior (Pitts Woodside, 1986). It also appears to determine peoples lifestyle (Dhalla Mahatto, 1976; Howard, 1977). Mitchell (1983) used a VAL S (value-lifestyle) typology to separate Americans into nine different lifestyle types, which were further group in four categories based on their values, each of these groups with different travel habits. The importance of the personality characteristics of the individual, in combination with other psychographic factors was stressed (Plog, 1974). Plog (1991) reported that personality determines destination travel patterns and also travelers motivation as well as activities. Allocentric travelers tend to travel to unfamiliar and unique destination such as China and Africa; they are active, independent, motivated by novelty, discovery, and meeting with new people, and focus on varied activities. Psychocentric travelers tend to visit familiar and well-established locations such as Hawaii; they are less active, prefer to travel in groups, and participate in common activities (Plog, 1972). Leisure-oriented traveler were more intrinsically motivated (e.g., by doing things for their own sake, obtaining purely internal rewards only) than those who were extrinsically motivated (e.g., by money or social approval) (Ingham, 1986). Intrinsically motivated individual also could cope better with stressful life events and activities (Maddi Kobasa, 1981). Personality found to be a major determinant of preferences for activities as well. In a study of high school student activity participation, Howard (1976) acknowledged a high correlation between personality measures and preferences for leisure activities. Eysenck (1976, 1981) found that extroverts and introverts engaged in different activities. Extroverts is those who needed to have people around them, easygoing, liked socializing and preferred highly social activities such as parties while introverts who tended to be shy and cautions preferred a well-ordered lifestyle, avoided social activities and excitement. Besides, it was noted that individuals who sought sensation spent more time engaged in highly stimulating and risky activities than those who did not seek sensation (Zuckerman, 1979). Plog (1991) reported that the energy (high energy) and lethargy (low energy) level determines various activities levels between tourists Iso-Ahola (1980) argued that the relationship between motivation and activities was affected by different social environment as well as social influences. For example, low correlations between motivation and the degree and extent of activity were found. This might be due to a number of problems such as the lack of specifications of the distinct activities in surveys, the respondents lack of time or finance to participate in activities, lack of the facilities available (Ruskin Shamir, 1984), information about activities, perceived incompetence, or sociocultural constraints (Iso-Ahola Mannell, 1985). An individuals lifestyle is made up of a pattern of daily routine activities (Roberts, 1978). Some lifestyles are characterized by a numerous of activities; others are specialized and limited to a few favored activities. Person lifestyles were represented by the most popular activities (Glyptis, 1981). A number of contrasting lifestyles based on peoples activities patterns had been notable (Glyptis, 1981). Differences in lifestyle were found between foreign and domestic travelers (Woodside Pitts, 1976), visitors and non-visitors to national parks (Mayo, 1975), tourists to Massachusetts (Schewe Calantone, 1978) and in history-oriented and non-history-oriented travelers (Solomon George, 1977). Every segment had different travel motivations and preferences for vacation activities. Distinct vacation styles were identifying for various groups of vacationers such as Goodrich (1978) identified different vacation lifestyles for four groups of holidaymakers. For example, passive entertainment, active sports, outdoor types, and historical and cultural interests à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" each of it with different interests and preferences for vacation activi ties. Crask (1981) identified differences in five vacation segments such as rest and relaxation vacationers, sightseers, cost conscious/ attraction-oriented, sports enthusiasts, and campers which all with distinct vacation interests, motivation, and preferences for activities. Shih (1986) who reported different lifestyles for three major segments such as belongers, achievers, and societal conscious à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" each with different interests and criteria when selecting vacation destination. Another study is Zins (1999) which identified nine different vacation styles for distinct psychographic profiles of travelers (sightseeing tourist, family escapist, carefree wellness tourist, comfort seeker, demanding pleasure traveler, cultural interactionist, ambience seeker, relax-in-safety tourist, and nature-loving vacationer) with each of them obtained different preferences for vacation activities. Gonzalez and Bell (2002) explained that lifestyle permitted greater knowledge of vari ables in influencing travel behavior. The study conducted in Spain manage to identify five tourist lifestyle à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Home Loving, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Idealistic, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Autonomous, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Hedonistic, and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Conservative. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Home Loving generally focused on family life, they preferred to have a vacation accompanied by their families, and domestic destinations are the most frequent for a vacation destination. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Idealistic is the group who enjoy music, sport, theatre or outdoor activities and they does not spend much money on accommodation and is fond of country villages. Meanwhile, for à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Autonomous, they view success as fundamentally linked with individual freedom and independence and places great emphasis on enjoying life and are not attracted to cultural activities. They spend their holiday time using low-priced accommodation and favor city destinations. The à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Hedonistic segment co nsists of individual that attracted to pleasure and tends to travel in the company of friends and they are those people attracted to newly arrived products or services on the market. Lastly, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Conservative is a home-loving segment, they focuses on the wellbeing of their family. They are attracted to traditional domestic seaside destinations. Hawes (1988) conducted a study of travel-related lifestyle that was base on an age-specific (demography) study. It was focusing on older women. Factor analysis result, showed three major underlying dimension within this group travel, which were labeled as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"traveler, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"laid back and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"dreamer. The traveler focus on vacation travel orientation and is generally associated with singleness or small household size, activeness, acceptance or liking of excitement and uncertainty, higher income and education. The à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"laid back indicates an acceptance of vacation travel but essentially of the domestic, unexciting, unhurried, quite and relaxing, more concerned with indebtedness and less affluent. The à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"dreamer reflects an orientation in vicarious thrills and wishing or dreaming substitute for the real thing and television was found to be their main resource of information for travel decision. Nicolau and Mas (2004) find that personal characteristics such as personal restrictions and socio-demographic and psychographic characteristics relate to the holiday decisions of going on holiday, chosen destination, foreign holidays and multi-destination holidays. A number of studies investigate constraints on travel behavior that arguably differ from general leisure behavior in many ways, such as cost, commitment and durations. It was said that constraints and facilitators operate differently in influencing travel intention and choice. Age is an extremely important travel constraint and Romsa and Blenman (1989) study the vacation patterns of elderly Germans, and Teaff and Turpin (1996) study the older Americans travel behavior. They both agreed that the taking of vacations declines with age. Socio-economic, physical, psychological, and physiological (age related) constraints play an important position in the underlying processes related to the behavior of elderly vacationer (Romsa et al., 1989). The choices of vacation destination and holiday activities are constrained by the physical situation of seniors. Intergenerational effects also probable operate to impact on the travel of these older persons. Nevertheless, Teaff and Turpin (1996) find that older Americans travel more frequently and longer distances, stay away longer, and rely more on travel agents than other segments of the people. Some evidence, though, shows that travelers take longer vacations after age of retirement. Retirees are significantly more likely to be constrained by disability, perception of age, physical energy, and health conditions. The family cycle is also a important constraint to travel choice behavior. In a study of the family life cycle (FLC) of German travelers, Opperman (1995) argued that FLC affects travel patterns considerably. There are many aspects of the tourists travel pattern relate to the stages of their family life cycle. Destination choice, transportation and usage of accommodation relate to differences in economic status and in discretionary income available for travelling. Lifetime experience, choices of accommodation and destination differ according to age stage. Travel purpose and especially the travel season were influenced by the family life cycle. Children have been traveled as an influence on family travel decision such as in Nickerson and Jurowski (2001) study the influences of children on vacation travel patterns that provide a perspective about planning and development with a view to increasing child satisfaction at the destination. Gilber and Hudson (2000) see life cycle as a useful conceptual and analyti cal framework to investigate the experience of leisure constraints. Many life cycle issues contribute to personal ecology research and researchers concluded that different people do not experience constraints in the similar way. McGehee, N., Loker-Murphy,L. and Uysal, M. (1996) investigate the Australian international pleasure market with used gender and other demographic factors such as marital status, age, education, occupation and income to analyze travel motivation and travel patterns, finding that Australia women and men are motivated differently in their pleasure travel experience. Meric and Hunt (1998) find eco-tourists tend to be middle-aged and have higher education and income levels to reveals the general and specific activity preferences of them. It is likely that selected demographics can act as a determinant of travel preferences, possibly influencing preferred activities and their demographics can act as a constraint on travel intention and behavior. Mayo and Jarvis (1981) claimed out that, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"a common denominator that probably underlies all forms of leisure travel is the need for variety. Well-adjusted individuals need a balance of consistency and complexity in their lives by seeking consistency in certain domains of experience and complexity in others, consistency theory explains that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"people, expecting a particular thing to happen, do not want to be confronted by something unexpected'(Mayo and Jarvis, 1981). On the other hand, complexity theory states that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"novelty, unexpectedness, change, and unpredictability are pursued because they are inherently satisfying (Mayo and Jarvis, 1981). They also stated that travel allows people to escape from the boredom of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"consistency and tension allows us to experience à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"complexity of novelty, change, and unpredictability. Correspondingly, Iso-Ahola (1980) noted that people search for different levels of stimulation; they avoid either o ver stimulation (mental and physical fatigue) or boredom (too little stimulation. He claimed that leisure needs change during the life span and across place and social company and that, individuals do not have numerous leisure needs in mind and do not rationalize specific cause of participation if their involvement is intrinsically motivated. Besides, it is important of participants feelings of self-determination and competence to ensure satisfaction (Iso-Ahola, 1980). Two types of motivations are: 1) physiological motivations stemming from biological needs, such as food, waste elimination and water, and 2) psychological, motivations stemming from needs created by an individuals social environment (Mayo and Jarvis, 1981). The latter motivations are learned needs which are influenced by social institutions, such as a need to succeed and attain a reputable place in society. Mayo and Jarvis (1981) noted that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"in rare cases, some psychological motives become strong enou gh to overcome physiological survival needs. Needs and personal goals are related to individual motivation. Fondness (1994) suggested five travel motivation: knowledge or cultural and educational motives, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"punishment minimization or the need to escape or stimulus-avoidance, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"reward maximization or pleasure and sensation seeking, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"self-esteem, and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"ego-enhancement or social prestige. In addition, Loker and Perdue (1992) identified six tourist segments whose travel motivation related to benefit seeking. The six segments are those : 1) emphasize excitement and escape, 2) are pure adrenaline/excitement seekers, 3) are family- and friends-oriented, 4) are naturalists who enjoy natural surroundings, 5) value escape for itself, an 6) enjoy all benefits. Leiper (2004) identified eight types of tourists motivations that are contrary and do not usually occur at the same time in the same individual on one trip. The motivations are s timulation and relaxation, luxury versus à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"roughing it, adventure versus low-key break, and seeing versus doing. Tourists are somewhere between the two extremes, seeking a balance of the two components. Other types of needs and motivations which motivate people to travel are: need for escape from perceived mundane environment, need for rest and relaxation, need for sunlight, need for regressive behavior, need for self-evaluation, need for self-esteem, prestige and confidence, need for social interaction, need to spend time with relatives and friends, need to indulge in nostalgia, need for novelty, need underlying tourists shopping, and need for education, to indulge in curiosity. 2.3 Conclusion There are many researchers have been done before about the relationship between several dimensions with the travel behavior such as psychological, sociological and demographic. Some of them agree that the travel decisions are derive from multidimensional motivation but not only one single factor. One of the most famous theory is push and pull factors which use mostly by other researches to investigate the travel motivation to in-depth understand on this issue. After a brief review to previous journals, the next chapter will discuss about the methodology, which consist of which method will be using to conduct in this research and how to conduct it. Research objective: (is these objective suitable) To understand the relationship between Sightseeing Variety with travel behavior among Malaysia young adult traveler. To investigate the Gaining Knowledge factor in influencing young adult traveler. To examine Events and Activities impact towards travel behavior in Malaysia young adult. To identify the factor of Easy Access and Affordable related to travel behavior.

Biography of Amiri Baraka

Amiri Baraka (born Everett Leroy Jones; October 7, 1934–January 9, 2014) was an award-winning playwright, poet, critic, educator, and activist. He played an influential role in the Black Arts Movement and served as poet laureate of his native New Jersey. His career spanned decades, though his legacy is not without controversy. Fast Facts: Amiri Baraka Occupation: Writer, playwright, poet, activistAlso Known As: Leroi Jones, Imamu Amear BarakaBorn: October 7, 1934 in Newark, New JerseyDied: January 9, 2014 in Newark, New JerseyParents: Colt Leverette Jones and Anna Lois Russ JonesEducation: Rutgers University, Howard UniversityKey Publications: Dutchman, Blues People: Negro Music in White America, The Autobiography of LeRoi Jones/Amiri BarakaSpouse(s): Hettie Jones, Amina BarakaChildren: Ras Baraka, Kellie Jones, Lisa Jones, Shani Baraka, Amiri Baraka Jr., Obalaji Baraka, Ahi Baraka, Maria Jones, Dominique DiPrimaNotable Quote: â€Å"Art is whatever makes you proud to be human. Early Years Amiri Baraka was born in Newark, New Jersey to postal supervisor Colt Leverette Jones and social worker Anna Lois Jones. Growing up, Baraka played the drums, piano, and trumpet, and enjoyed poetry and jazz. He especially admired the musician Miles Davis. Baraka attended Barringer High School and won a scholarship to Rutgers University in 1951. A year later, he transferred to the historically black Howard University, where he studied subjects like philosophy and religion. At Howard, he began using the name LeRoi James but would later revert to his birth name, Jones. Expelled before graduating from Howard, Jones signed up for the US Air Force, which dishonorably discharged him after three years when communist writings were found in his possession. Although he became a sergeant in the Air Force, Baraka found military service troubling. He called the experience â€Å"racist, degrading, and intellectually paralyzing.† But his time in the Air Force ultimately deepened his interest in poetry. He worked at the base library while stationed in Puerto Rico, which allowed him to devote himself to reading. He took a particular liking to the works of the Beat poets and began writing his own poetry. After his discharge from the Air Force, he lived in Manhattan, taking classes at Columbia University and The New School for Social Research. He also became involved in Greenwich Village’s art scene and got to know poets such as Allen Ginsberg, Frank O’Hara, Gilbert Sorrentino, and Charles Olson. Marriage and Poetry As his interest in poetry deepened, Baraka met Hettie Cohen, a white Jewish woman who shared his passion for writing. The interracial couple married in 1958 against the wishes of Cohens Parents, who cried at the news of the union. Together, the couple started Totem Press, which featured the writings of beat poets like Allen Ginsberg; they also launched Yugen literary magazine. Baraka edited and wrote criticism for the literary journal Kulchur as well. While married to Cohen, with whom he had two daughters, Baraka began a romantic relationship with another woman writer, Diane di Prima. They edited a magazine called The Floating Bear and started the New York Poets Theater, along with others, in 1961. That year, Baraka’s first poetry book, Preface to a Twenty Volume Suicide Note, debuted. During this period, the writer became increasingly political. A trip to Cuba in 1960 led him to believe that he should use his art to fight oppression, so Baraka began to embrace black nationalism and support Cuban president Fidel Castro’s regime. In addition, his complicated personal life took a turn when he and Diane di Prima had a daughter, Dominique, in 1962.  The next year saw the release of Baraka’s book Blues People: Negro Music in White America. In 1965, Baraka and Cohen divorced. A New Identity Using the name LeRoi Jones, Baraka wrote the play Dutchman, which premiered in 1964. The play chronicles a violent encounter between a white woman and a black man on the New York subway. It won the Obie Award for Best American Play and was later adapted for film. The 1965 assassination of Malcolm X led Baraka to leave the mostly white Beat scene and move to the predominantly black neighborhood of Harlem. There, he opened the Black Arts Repertory Theatre/School, which became a haven for black artists such as Sun Ra and Sonia Sanchez, and led other black artists to open similar venues. The rise of black-run art venues led to a movement known as the Black Arts Movement. He also criticized the Civil Rights Movement for embracing nonviolence and suggested in works such as his 1965 poem â€Å"Black Art that violence was necessary to create a black world. Inspired by Malcolm’s death, he also penned the work A Poem for Black Hearts in 1965 and the novel The System of Dante’s Hell the same year. In 1967, he released the short-story collection Tales. Blackness and the use of violence to achieve liberation both factor into these works. Baraka’s newfound militancy played a role in his divorce from his white wife, according to her memoir How I Became Hettie Jones. Baraka himself admitted as much in his 1980 Village Voice essay, â€Å"Confessions of a Former Anti-Semite. (He denied choosing the title for the essay.) He wrote, â€Å"As a Black man married to a white woman, I began to feel estranged from her †¦ How could someone be married to the enemy? Barakas second wife, Sylvia Robinson, later known as Amina Baraka, was a black woman. They had a Yoruba marriage ceremony in 1967, the year Baraka published the poetry collection Black Magic. A year earlier, he published Home: Social Essays. With Amina, Baraka returned to his native Newark, where they opened a theater and residence for artists called the Spirit House. He also headed to Los Angeles to meet with scholar and activist Ron Karenga (or Maulana Karenga), founder of the Kwanzaa holiday, which aims to reconnect black Americans to their African heritage. Instead of using the name LeRoi Jones, the poet took the name Imamu Amear Baraka. Imamu is a title meaning spiritual leader in Swahili, Amear means prince, and Baraka essentially means a divine blessing.† He ultimately went by Amiri Baraka. In 1968, Baraka co-edited Black Fire: An Anthology of Afro-American Writing and his play Home on the Range was staged to benefit the Black Panther party. He also chaired the Committee for Unified Newark, founded and chaired  the Congress of African People, and was a chief organizer of the National Black Political Convention. By the 1970s, Baraka began to champion the liberation of â€Å"third-world† peoples across the globe rather than black nationalism. He embraced a Marxist-Leninist philosophy and became a lecturer in 1979 in the Africana studies department of the State University of New York, Stony Brook, where he later became a professor. He was also a visiting professor at Columbia University and Rutgers University and taught at the New School, San Francisco State, University of Buffalo, and George Washington University. In 1984, Baraka’s memoir, The Autobiography of LeRoi Jones/Amiri Baraka, was published. He went on to win the American Book Award in 1989 and the Langston Hughes Award. In 1998, he landed a role in the feature film Bulworth, starring  Warren Beatty. Later Years In 2002, Baraka received another honor when he became New Jersey’s poet laureate. But an anti-Semitism scandal ultimately drove him from the role. The controversy stemmed from a poem he wrote after the Sept. 11, 2001, terrorist attacks called â€Å"Somebody Blew Up America?† In the poem, Baraka suggested that Israel had advanced warning of the attacks on the World Trade Center. The poem includes the lines: Who know why Five Israelis was filming the explosionAnd cracking they sides at the notion†¦Who knew the World Trade Center was gonna get bombedWho told 4000 Israeli workers at the Twin TowersTo stay home that day Baraka said that the poem wasn’t anti-Semitic because it referenced Israel rather than Jews as a whole. The Anti-Defamation League argued that Baraka’s words were indeed anti-Semitic. The poet served as New Jersey’s poet laureate at the time, and then-Gov. Jim McGreevey attempted to oust him from the role. McGreevey (who would later resign as governor for unrelated reasons) couldn’t legally force Baraka to step down, so the state senate passed legislation to abolish the post altogether. When the law took effect on July 2, 2003, Baraka was no longer poet laureate. Death On Jan. 9, 2014, Amiri Baraka died at Beth Israel Medical Center in Newark, where he had been a patient since December. Upon his death, Baraka had written more than 50 books in a wide range  of genres. His funeral took place Jan. 18 at Newark Symphony Hall. Sources Amiri Baraka 1934-2014. Poetry Foundation.Fox, Margalit. Amiri Baraka, Polarizing Poet and Playwright, Dies at 79. New York Times, 9 January, 2014. Amiri Baraka. Poets.org.

The Conflict Resolution Cycle And Twelve Principles Of New...

Conflict is something that each person will have to deal with sooner or later. Our text described the Conflict Resolution Cycle and Ten Principles of New Thinking that can resolve conflicts in a less costly manner (Levine, 2009). Brown (2011), points out that a chance of goal conflict is somewhat low between groups that have their own resources and perform entirely different tasks. In other words, if your task is separate the chances of conflict are extremely low. However, if there is any type of dependency, or common task and frequently pursue incompatible goals, the chances of conflict are greater (Brown, 2011). Levine (2009) explained that although the use of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) is growing, the cost of conflict is a resource drain of huge proportion, and a source of great unhappiness and discomfort. I can recall an instance of conflict within my workplace that costs me more than what I could have imagined. This scenario has to deal with both role conflict and role ambiguity. Role conflict exists when an individual belongs to or identifies with two or more groups whose goals or values are in conflict (Brown, 2011). Role ambiguity occurs when an individual or the members of a group are not clear about their functions, purposes, and goals within the organization (Brown, 2011). According to Levine (2009), the cost of conflict is composed of: direct cost, productivity cost, continuity cost, and emotional cost. While being assigned to Navy Recruiting Command,Show MoreRelatedConflict Management and Emotional Intelligence63003 Words   |  253 PagesSouthern Cross University ePublications@SCU Theses 2010 Conflict management and emotional intelligence Yu Fai Leung Southern Cross University, keith.leung.yu.fai@gmail.com Suggested Citation Leung, YF 2010, Conflict management and emotional intelligence , DBA thesis, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW. 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Determinants Of Indegenous Health for Housing and Employment

Question: Discuss about theDeterminants Of Indegenous Health for Housing and Employment. Answer: Introduction There exists a disparity in health among the Indigenous non-Indigenous Australians which has been under constant highlight by the Australian media. The mass media campaigns previously were majorly focused on the raising awareness among the people while overlooking the negative social determinants of health. However, recent findings show that there are several social determinants that have lead to the generation of health inequality among the Australian aboriginals like of proper hygiene, racism, discrimination and abundance of infectious diseases. Indigenous health outcomes are influenced by a broad range of social determinants including housing, employment, incarceration, racism, education and discrimination, and can be attributed to the impact of colonization (Taylor Guerin, 2014). This report will analyze four significant media articles that are focused on housing and living conditions in remote Indigenous communities of Australia. The report will also try to evaluate how these f actors are proving to be an important social determinant among the indigenous people. The report sheds light over racism, lack of proper sanitation, overcrowding and spreading of contagious disease and prevalence of high smoking rates and their negative effects on the living condition of the indigenous people in Australia and thus generating health inequalities. Media: Article One A new policy statement on racism in the health systemhas been released by the Australian Indigenous Doctors Association (Australia, 2016) https://ajp.com.au/news/racism-impacts-health-care/ Key Issues This news article focuses over the new policy that has been frame by the Australian Indigenous Doctors Association (AIDA) upon the impact of racism in health care system on the Australian aboriginals. As per the statement of the AIDA, racism is still prevalent in the health framework of the Australian subcontinent which is creating a steep inequality in the Australian health care system. However, they have agreed that progress has been undertaken in order to curb the racism impact on health but still their lies certain indifference in the behavior and the attitude of the people. There is a firm existence of systemic racism among the Australian socio-economic domain and this lead to increase in stress level followed by poor mental and physical health outcome. Past history of racism has generated a taboo among the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people in Australia. Continuous encounter of racism has hit hard their self esteemed and now they fear of visiting the health care secto rs even during emergency. The article also clearly states that racism is the principal social determinant in the sector of health. The policy drafted by the AIDA uplifts an urgent need to identification of racism as a strong barrier against culturally safe health care system. They also stated that the must exist a zero tolerance in the grounds of racism across all the health care sectors in Australia. They also proposed the active preaching of culturally safe health care system for providing promising health backup to the Australian aboriginal via eliminating racism and promotion of universal health care access to all the indigenous people in Australia. Links of Models and approaches The article here highlights a broad range of health inequality among the Australian aboriginal that are arising out of racism. In the Australian subcontinent, the root cause behind the extreme health disadvantage and socio-economic imbalance among the Australian aboriginal is racism. However, in the majority of the cases, poor health has been considered as an outcome of the locational disadvantage, lack of proper financial backup and lack of proper health schemes or investment in health care plan and other cultural differences. However, racism in the health care sectors has results in poor mental yet physical health condition, bed-delays, and increases in hypertension, blood pressure and smoking (Larson, Gillies, Howard Coffin, 2007). Improved health care model and initiatives in eliminating the inequalities in healthcare sectors are not enough to curb the affect of racism in health as this will not change the behaviour of the non-aboriginal people towards the aboriginal people. Upr ooting racism from the grass root level is the only away out to overcome this situation. Contribution to current debate This article raises some interesting points over impact of racism on the health of indigenous people in Australia and how the AIDA is responding to overcome this scenario. However, the article does not take a critical stance and provides no concrete evidence regarding how the Australian government is reacting to this racism impact on the aboriginal people. The author could have also elaborated characteristic of racism which is generating health inequalities like discrimination in physical appearance, hair colour, skin colour, build or voice. Author also failed to highlight other impact of racism apart from mental health like according to the Wheel of Discrimination, as described by McConnochie et al., in the year of 1988, institutional racism results in poor level of child birth, neonatal deformity and imbalance in the health of the mother (Hampton Maree, 2013). Personal reflection As per my understanding, this article is a is significant in the grounds of racism and health inequalities in Australia. It gives a detailed insight about the steps or the policies that are needed to be followed in order to overcome this harmful impact of racism in health and in other sectors of life. However, it would have been interesting to learn about how the governmental scenario or the policies have promoted the development of this racist attitude among the Australian descents and government is presently acting to curb this health inequalities arising in term of racist attack. Media article 2 Why the housing shortage exacerbates scabies in Indigenous communities? https://theconversation.com/why-the-housing-shortage-exacerbates-scabies-in-indigenous-communities-71337 Key Issues This article is based on exacerbation of the scabies in the Indigenous population of Australia. Scabies is an infection that occurs due to the infestation of the tine mites or parasites called Sarcoptes scabei var hominis. This disease is prevalent in the remote areas of the northern Australia who were termed as the aboriginals or the Torres Strait Islanders. The scabies infection has formed an endemic in these remote regions. As per the recent report of 2016, almost 70% of the aboriginal children are affected by the scabies in their first year of life. Recent researches from the Medical Journal of Australia estimates that about one in every 100 aboriginals in the Katherine region are affected by crusted scabies and high virus infections. This can be linked with the homelessness and lack of cleanliness. Crusted scabies are communicable diseases and have the potential to infect hundreds of other people (Carapetis et al., 1997). Crusted rabies had been identified in the list of the noted diseases in the Northern territory in the year 2016 (Gibson et al., 2015). The key issue of this news is that The chairman of The Northern Territory Department of Health centre for disease control have said that considerable improvements are going on in the field of improving the housing infrastructure and sanitation, although no improvements have been found in the past few years in terms of health. Links to models and approaches This article provides with the information there health disparity lies among the Indigenous and the non indigenous Australians. The Aboriginals do not get access to clean infrastructure. According to the aboriginal fringe dwellers like Bennelong, many of the members of the aboriginal community never had a safe home since they were being ousted from their land by the white Australians (Gibson et al., 2015). And many aboriginals are still working on the development of a proper home. Most of the aboriginals cannot afford private rental houses and therefore have to depend on the private housing. It is reported that a person having scabies can have thousands of mites present in the body. The main reasons behind the spreading of scabies are prolonged physical contact, sharing a common bed. All these can link to the lack of cleanliness and overcrowding of the population (Gibson et al., 2015). Contributing to Current debate As per the news The Northern Territory Department of Health centre for disease control is currently working in association to the One disease, which is a philanthropic organization. According to the board of directors of the organization, they will b able to eradicate this disease in a systematic home. This organization has achieved success to some extent in the past 5 years in the Arnhem Land (Gibson et al., 2015). Australia is the forefront of the scabies research and is therefore having a large scope of researches in order to understand the ways of tackling the disease. Reflection The above article gives us an idea about the health status of the Aboriginals. According to me, the government should give in more efforts to make them understand the disadvantaged of remaining overcrowded. It should be mentioned that the indigenous people focuses more on the cultural aspects and are community centered (Gibson et al., 2015). In order to preserve that cultural domain, all the members try to stay together at one place. The article further throws light upon the political forces that are responsible for the deteriorating condition of the aboriginal population. It is necessary for the government to access the conditions of the aboriginals from the grass root level (Taylor Guerin, 2014). Measures should be taken to mitigate the health disparity among the Aboriginal population. Media: Article 3 Indigenous girls missing school during their periods: the state of hygiene in remoteAustralia (Nina Lansbury Hall, 2016) Key Issues This report states that anecdotal evidence girls from remote Australian communities, went missing from schools during their periods. The reported highlighted that the main reason behind this missing case is, unaffordability of the sanitary products in the remote Australian areas where the aboriginal resides. Women or girls here use toilet papers, rags and socks insteas of sanitary packs due to hike in price. Moreover, even if the products are affordable, girls members of the family are too shameful to visit the shop and but the sanitary products in front any male members of the society. The under wear are also costly, keeping their financial background into consideration. Even if the women make use of under wear, washing and drying the underwear in public is consider shameful. Moreover not only due to the social taboos, there also exists a huge dearth of proper hygiene in the schools of the remote areas of Australia. As per the report, the school girls came up with the complain that the toilet of the school is devoid of soap, dust bins and adequate supply of water, compelling them to stay indoors, generating a lack of proper educational background among them. Moreover, the girls who are found visiting the schools develop infectious disease. This report published coincided with the report published by NAIDOC (National Aboriginal and Islander Day Observance Committee). Links of Models and approaches This article has rightly updated the correct approach of the health and hygiene condition among the Australian Aboriginal children living in remote communities. There still lies a high burden of infectious diseases among these aboriginal children due to existence of poor hygiene and prevalence of unsanitary living conditions. However, apart from shame, article did not highlight other social taboos that the prevalent among these aboriginals leading to the generation of the infectious disease. The children here do not wash their hands, before and after their meal, leading to the generation of diarrheal disease and infectious diseases. The article however, rightly uplifted the need for adequate access of sanitary pads, water and washing facilities in order to increases the attendance in school and to prevent generation of detrimental infectious disease. However, there exists certain educational, social cultural, financial and logistic barrier behind optimized implementation of the same, as highlighted by the UNICEF as well under the domain of menstrual management campaigns (McDonald, Bailie, Brewster, Morris, 2008). Contribution to current debate The author have used this article to attract the attention of the government to do something need full for the aboriginals residing in the remote areas of Australia. The article has also highlight that how the government has taken initiatives to install taps and showers in 3500 houses under the Housing for Health plan in order to support healthy living. The article also stated that NSW Aboriginal Land Council has joined a partnership with state governments in order to provide proper sewage and water infrastructure for the proper operation of the communities. Article also stated that there is also a need to address other economic and social issues of that are prevalent among the aboriginals in Australia. It highlighted overcrowding as a economic and social links between the health inequalities among Australian aboriginal. Now is this one of the strong point of the article but the article fail to consider other social taboos that is prominent among the aboriginals in Australia (McDonal d, Bailie, Brewster, Morris, 2008; Geelhoed de Klerk, 2012). Personal Reflection After reading the article, I want state that hygiene and proper sanitization in school must be strictly taken in consideration in the remote areas of Australia which are crowded with the Australian aboriginals. However, installation of taps and proper supply of adequate water is not enough, there must remain a proper awareness program among the aboriginal people, helping them to understand the requirement of the personal hygiene (McDonald, Bailie, Brewster, Morris, 2008). Media article 4 'Close the Gap': indigenous urged to quit smoking https://www.abc.net.au/local/photos/2012/03/27/3464866.htm Key issue Aboriginal smoking is a serious health problem. And from the history of being paid with Tobacco, the rate of smoking in the aboriginal communities has increased from 40 to 80% (Hoy et al., 2012). It has been reported that the aboriginals smoke at the time of pregnancy which can be detrimental for both mother and the child. The rate of smoking had also increased among the teenagers to a considerable extent. This article focuses on the number of services that had been provided by the government in order to achieve good health and increase the life expectancy in the aboriginals and the Torres Strait Islanders. The occurrence of the chronic diseases like heart diseases and diabetes among the non indigenous has lead to the formation of the Close gap campaign in 2006. The campaign aimed at focusing on controlling the dependency of the aboriginal to drugs, smoking and alcohol, provision of opportunities for the tertiary studies. They have organized activities like spear making and tree plantation. The Pangula Mannamurna Chief Executive Officer, Karen Glover, had said that during the organization of the campaign it was difficult for them to break the fear and the hesitation of the aboriginals in approaching their team. As Pangula said that there were significant gaps and it was difficult to get gentlemen to their camp that often werent looking after their health. She said that they were trying to increase the access for Aboriginal people to the mainstream health services. Links to models and approaches It has been found that more than one person out of three persons in the aboriginals smokers. And it has been found to be the leading cause of mortality in the Australian population (Minichiello et al., 2016). Moreover this article focuses on the driving factors for the drug and smoking dependency of the aboriginals. The article provides us with the aim of the campaign that has been taken up to reduce the habit of smoking in the indigenous population. Focusing on the case smoking, the article provides an overview of the social determinants of poor health care of the aboriginals (Minichiello et al., 2016). The factors which can improve the overall health of the population including the dependency of the teenagers on drugs and cigarettes are cessation of racism, proper education, professional opportunities and accessible health care. Contributing to the current debate As per the report produced, the organized program led the people enjoy healthy lunch, learning to make fishing spears and more, but whether it could tackle smoking in aboriginals is the main issue. A particular campaign will be able to promote the taste of a better life for just one day, but the conditions would go back to the normal as the once the campaign ends. Therefore it is necessary that some permanent measure have to be taken in for better health outcomes. It can be said that betterment in the physical and spiritual well being of the aboriginals can actually improve the health status of the community (Minichiello et al., 2016). Reflection: According to me, various social determinants of the health are not being addressed in this campaign. The organizers should try to understand the reasons why these people are addicted to drugs and other addictives. Prevalent racism, low socio economic status has the teenagers to get susceptible to drug addiction (Panaretto et al., 2014). Lack of education failed to provide bright future the indigenous teenagers, which led to frustration and drug addiction. One thing that should be noted is that the aboriginal pregnant women are also found to smoke (Taylor Guerin, 2014). Programs should be organized to extend the knowledge to the female population of the aboriginals to fight with the adverse effects of smoking (Panaretto et al., 2014). It should be noted that previously tobacco was used as a method of payment. Therefore there are lots of loops and gaps that have to be addressed in order to improve the health conditions of the aboriginals. Summary In summary it can be stated that proper government policies, increase in awareness and decrease in the social determinates are the only way out to curb the health inequalities that are prevalent among the indigenous people in Australia. Conclusion The following examination on different news articles and blogs ultimately focused on the different social determinants of health. It provided information regarding the impact of racism on the mental health of the aboriginals. The examination also helps to understand the issue regarding the prevalence of scabies and other communicable diseases in the aboriginal community. Keeping an eye to this news, a brief overview about the housing and Australian infrastructure can be got. It can be said that overcrowding, inadequate infrastructure and bad sanitation system leads to communicable disease among the aboriginals. Social factors like lack of education, racism has increased the smoking habits among the Australians. Although this paper had also discussed about the different campaigns and the measures to reduce their distress, none of the campaigns were found to have long term effects. These news can only serve the purpose of increasing public awareness. The mass media campaigns previously were majorly focused on the raising awareness among the people while overlooking the negative social determinants of health. References Carapetis, J. R., Connors, C., Yarmirr, D., Krause, V., Currie, B. J. (1997). Success of a scabies control program in an Australian aboriginal community.The Pediatric infectious disease journal,16(5), 494-499. May 1997 - Volume 16 - Issue 5 - pp 494-499 Geelhoed, G. C., de Klerk, N. H. (2012). Emergency department overcrowding, mortality and the 4-hour rule in Western Australia.The Medical Journal of Australia,vol. 196(2), pp. 122-126. doi: 10.5694/mja11.11159 Gibson, O., Lisy, K., Davy, C., Aromataris, E., Kite, E., Lockwood, C., ... Brown, A. (2015). 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